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Merry Christmas to All Presentation

A Christmas
rich
of
Happiness and Serenity
to
ll
If
then Santa Claus brings you


many gifts will be a Christmas

even happier.

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x students of the Agricultural Institute of S. Arcangelo

If by chance your professor Maria Maddalena Palermo tells you who made this web-log (or blog, simply) to make you see your sport ( from that of today in Policoro, but surely, knowing it, others will follow) do not believe them.
I did everything that I am the husband.
you my sympathy, you have to endure it for two hours a week. But at the same time I would appreciate your support moral : I endure a few more hours per week.
I posted photos of the day "football" in Picasa, you can link to the slideshow by right-clicking on the "photo gallery" or directly on http://picasaweb.google.com/marilenapalermo/ .
Take care, now and then, if you have nothing to do, without obligation, if you like, if you do not want to postpone (joke, I have no power, unfortunately) Go to a site (a blog is really ) certainly more interesting than the Basketball Senise , I take care of me.
Merry Christmas and blessed that you can laze around until 7 January. You can use the
comments also to send messages. No profanity or offenses otherwise I will have to limit the use of comments to registered users.
note of December 21 . Sorry for the comments worked only for registered users. Now works for everyone.

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play with us: the challenge began


After the selection took place on Monday 15, football teams, football and calciotto five Sant'Arcangelo Istituto Agrario "G. Fortunato," met with the representative of the Istituto Tecnico Alessandro Volta A . Frasca Policoro.
Thanks to a not inconsiderable amount of luck all three formations dell'Agrario prevailed on three sides of the technician who had to drive Professor Salvatore Cavallo.
I followed the awards ceremony, conducted by Professor Cavallo and Professor John De Stefano.
A gallery of photos is published at Picasa http://picasaweb.google.com/marilenapalermo/AgrarioSantArcangeloVsIstitutoVoltaPolicoro?fgl=true&fgl=true&pli=1 # slideshow.

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Barack Obama, how and why America has chosen a black to the white house


Monday, December 15 at 20:45
Carminello Circolo - Via Archimede 13 - Milan

Luciano Clerico presents his latest book
"Barack Obama, how and why ' America has chosen a black to the white house "
(preface by Ferruccio de Bortoli, ed. Daedalus)

and discusses them with:

Marco Marturano - professor of political communication
Antonio Panzeri - MEP

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Coordination with Bruno Ceccarelli, PD

Tuesday, December 2, 2008 at 21:00 at our club, Bruno Ceccarelli , Councilor-elect of the Democratic Party in our college, will attend the meeting of coordination to deal with us on the latest measures taken by the junta Penati in support of families with low incomes.

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Tap water also passes the test of taste

I still have not found reason to prefer the bottled water "mineral" in comparison tap water ....

Tap water passes the taste test of taking water from containers
anonymous and relying on the palate is almost impossible to distinguish the first taste of
tap water from the mineral waters. Not even 2 out of 10 Italians, in fact, the first time were able to identify who was
bottled water and what that output from domestic plumbing. E '
the result of a test conducted by Legambiente in 6 Italian cities (Milan, Rome, Naples, Palermo,
Foggia). Only 14% of respondents recognized the difference between tap water and mineral water
. In Rome, for example, only 18% to 30% of respondents Naples means the water from the tap as the
taste nicer, less than 20% in Milan recognizes
mineral water, in Palermo on 90% of respondents did not find differences between different types of water.
What did the test show? Dispelling the belief that bottled water is good
of what is consumed at home. But also highlight the environmental impact
represented by the large amount of packaging - 5 billion plastic bottles each year - and their
transport from north to south, with 300 000 Tir. Our country is in fact leading the
consumer of mineral water. 72.4% of Italians drink more than half a liter of
mineral water per day and an average household spends about € 18 per month.

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METABOLIC ASPECTS OF apnea The Mediterranean diet NIGHT

METABOLIC ASPECTS OF NIGHT apnea
Mauro Lombardo, Annalisa Del Monte
Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata.

is defined as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) the occurrence of more than five episodes of apnea per hour of sleep or thirty-five episodes per night, where for apnea means the cessation of airflow at the mouth and nose for more than 10 seconds. The threshold of five episodes per hour distinguishes normality from pathology, in fact, a minimum number of episodes apneic is also observed in normal subjects.
Gastaut and associates described the first three types of apnea: obstructive, central and mixed. The obstructive form is typical of OSAS is characterized by a cessation of air flow and the persistence of the movements of the chest wall.
The central form but is a less common form that affects children who have an immaturity of central control of breathing or adults with cerebrovascular disease or neuromuscular or more often accompanies the breathing of Cheyne-Stokes. In this case, the cessation of airflow is caused by the abolition of the temporary drive to all respiratory muscles, in fact, not observed during apnea the movements of the rib cage instead are present in the obstructive form.
The mixed form is derived from the association of two others: in fact, a patient with central apnea type could also show the characteristics that promote airway collapse and then submit the forms even obstructive.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OSAS
many epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of OSA in the population. The results, however, are often discordant and include broad range of values, because of the different methods used for diagnosis, the definition of the syndrome and referred to the study sample selected.
In a study conducted in England in 2004 the prevalence of subjects who had major daytime sleepiness associated with the need to use the C-PAP was estimated to be around 0.5% in a population of average age (48.2 years) and an average BMI of 24.9 , and reached the 1, 5% in a population of subjects with a mean age of 52 years and a BMI of 27.1. However, this value rose to 24% if they were included in the group of patients with OSAS all those subjects who had more than 5 episodes per hour of apnea or hypopnea during sleep described by polysomnography. Finally the results obtained by considering the association between OSAS more than 5 episodes per hour of apnea or hypopnea and daytime symptoms evident estimated a prevalence of 4% in men and 2% in women.
Several results obtained in other studies in the U.S., these, in fact, the prevalence was estimated to be between 3 and 28% for mild OSAS defined by an AHI> 5 and between 1 and 14 % for moderate degree of OSAS with an AHI> 15.

Obesity, especially visceral fat, may contribute to the development of sleep apnea through different mechanisms. In obesity
serious the diaphragm is pushed upwards and this shift is greater in the supine position, the consequence is a reduced ability of contraction by the muscle associated with a reduction in volumes lung. These factors could also promote a narrowing of the pharynx and then the development of apnea.
Another hypothesis is that visceral fat results in increased activity of respiratory muscles leading to the production of a negative pressure to the point of collapse the upper airway during inspiration.
Finally, the observation that the circumference of the neck was a major factor in predicting the syndrome has been thought that its development was correlated with body fat distribution. In 1997 we conducted a study on 37 patients with primary obesity with a mean BMI of 36.8 + 6.8 kg/m2, with the use of CT has been made an estimate areas of adipose tissue in some districts such as head, thorax, abdomen, forearms, arms, thighs and calves: the area of \u200b\u200bvisceral adipose tissue was found to be higher in 21 patients with OSAS than the others. They were then carried out a series of studies with MRI, which have attributed the reduction in size in the presence of fat deposits around the airways, deposits distributed mainly at the level of the side walls.

Figure I-Influence of obesity in the development of apnea





CLINICAL

syndrome of sleep apnea has a strong impact on the quality and quantity of life of patients who are affected. The mortality of these patients, in fact, has increased compared to that of the general population is due to cardiovascular complications that the syndrome entails, it exposes patients to a high risk of acute events, either due to an increased risk of certain accident onset of the "falling asleep", common in these patients because of the low efficiency of sleep.



The quality of life is compromised, because patients often report a lack of concentration, reduced work performance and impaired their social life due to the onset of headache and depression. At the base of
disturbances in the clinical picture of OSAS can be identified two main events: the degradation of quality, quantity and structure of sleep, from which psychiatric and neurological disorders, the recurrence of periods of hypoxemia during sleep that cause functional alterations of the system respiratory and cardiovascular system.

endocrine and metabolic syndrome of sleep apnea also seems to have a major impact on metabolic functions, we have seen, in fact, that patients suffering from this disease have a risk of developing insulin resistance and glucose intolerance more than patients only obese.



In a French study conducted on 494 patients, there was a higher prevalence of type-2 diabetes and glucose intolerance (IGT) in patients with OSAS compared with the control group. This study found a correlation between blood glucose after glucose load, insulin sensitivity and the severity of OSAS, in terms of AHI.
assumptions about the possible underlying causes of changes in glucose metabolism are manifold. Dionne and colleagues have suggested that hypoxia may act resulting in a reduction of ATP production in beta cells of the pancreas. Instead, the results obtained in animal studies, insulin resistance is determined by a reduced responsiveness of the receptors action of the hormone insulin and reduced tyrosine kinase activity during hypoxia. The role of hypoxia was also confirmed by another study that found a strong correlation between the degree of hypoxia and insulin sensitivity.
It is assumed that the activity of the sympathetic system is altered in patients with OSAS during the night, could facilitate the development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
The hypothesis about the most recent changes in the levels of leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue that has an important role in regulating food intake. The Obese usually high levels of this hormone due to a leptin resistance. People with OSA have even higher levels of leptin than obese subjects, irrespective of fat mass.


Leptin could benefit both the metabolic abnormalities, especially with regard to insulin resistance, and the other could lead to the development of apnea, in fact, in some animal studies it was shown that leptin prevents respiratory depression and that a deficiency can cause hypoventilation.
addition to alterations in hormones involved in the control of glucose metabolism were found in OSAS patients with altered levels of those hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
One of the most studied is the GH, it was noted, that in OSAS as obesity is a reduction in the production of this hormone associated with normal or low levels of IGF-1.



In a more recent study it was shown that in patients with OSAS is also a reduced peripheral sensitivity to the action of GH.
addition, the production of ACTH in response to CRH is increased to a greater extent than in obese subjects. E 'has been suggested that alterations of both GH and ACTH are to be referred to hypoxia or sleep fragmentation, in fact, after three months of treatment with the C-PAP values \u200b\u200breturn to normal even without an obvious weight loss. The changes that affect other hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary system have reported conflicting results and not yet certain, but there was a reduction in levels of thyroid hormone, LH, testosterone and cortisol and aldosterone in many patients with OSAS .
Finally, OSAS can be considered an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. In a study of 104 patients, including 61 with OSAS were measured blood glucose, the plasma insulin, plasma lipids and blood pressure. This study showed that patients with OSAS have higher levels of pressure, high concentration of insulin and triglycerides, increased LDL and reduced HDL independently of obesity. It has also been estimated that metabolic syndrome is 9.1 times more frequent in subjects with OSAS compared to obese.
























We propose here an interesting study conducted by the authors concerning the evaluation of resting metabolic rate, body composition and polysomnographic findings in obese patients with OSAS.


CHANGE REPORTS calorimetry obese patients OSAS undergoing treatment DIET AND BEHAVIORAL
Obesity is a condition very common in patients with sleep apnea, and has been shown that the increase in BMI standard deviation implies an increased risk of developing OSAS than four times. While obesity appears to have a strong impact on the development of OSAS, in fact, in many studies there was a marked improvement of the clinical picture after weight loss, and secondly the observation that patients with OSAS have great difficulty weight loss has led to the hypothesis that this syndrome is associated with abnormalities of metabolism that may contribute to the development of obesity and further complicate its management.
Patients with OSAS, but they have a constant supply of oxygen to the tissues, because of apnea and desaturation below may have metabolic abnormalities, especially of the lipid, as fats require a greater amount of oxygen than other nutrients to be oxidized.
A study that supports this hypothesis is to Bonanni and colleagues, who starting from the observation that patients with OSA often complain of intolerance to physical activity and exercise have a greater susceptibility, have suggested a possible altered muscle metabolism. A deterioration of muscle metabolism and a change in lactate concentration during maximal exercise had already been demonstrated in a previous study. While initially an overproduction of milk was attributed to an alteration of the sympathetic nervous system, since the adrenergic stimulation of muscle glycogenolysis is a major factor in its formation, in agreement with some studies had confirmed that the higher levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in patients with OSAS during exercise, this hypothesis was later disproved as the amount of lactate produced did not correlate with the levels of catecholamines. E 'has been suggested therefore that increased production and decreased removal of lactate is mainly due to a defect of oxidative metabolism in muscles of patients with OSAS, due to the adaptation of these tissues chronic nocturnal hypoxemia. These changes may also explain the mitochondrial changes of skeletal myofibers, similar to those found in subjects exposed to chronic hypoxia due to altitude, and also increased production of reactive oxygen species in neutrophil these patients.
In conclusion these data would suggest that the syndrome of sleep apnea can have such an impact on the metabolism to make it even more difficult weight loss.
Several conclusions Stenlof and associates, who conducted a study of 11 patients by measuring the metabolism before and after treatment with C-PAP. From this study, in fact, showed a higher energy expenditure, particularly during sleep in patients with OSAS before therapy and its normalization after treatment.
The aim of our study was to evaluate through the use of indirect calorimetry basal metabolism of patients before and after weight loss, also related to modifications of other parameters such as the respiratory quotient, body composition, values \u200b\u200band finds antropoplicometrici polysomnography.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Among the patients referred to Day Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata Neurophysiopathology of 16 patients were selected, including 12 males and 4 females with a BMI> 25 and with polysomnographic diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome, mild to severe.
were excluded from the study patients with metabolic and endocrine disorders, cardiovascular disorders, eating disorders, with chronic inflammatory diseases and in drug treatment.
Those thus selected were subjected to a routine diagnostic procedure at the clinic of the Hospital Nutrition Clinic of Tor Vergata, including a thorough medical history examination, with particular attention to history food investigation and enforcement of certain blood chemistry. Blood tests were required to assess the overall status of the patient (complete blood count, blood electrolytes such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, serum iron, ferritin and transferrin), the metabolic status (glucose, insulin, Hb1Ac, triglycerides and total and fractionated cholesterol), liver function (GOT, GPT and gamma-GT) and renal function (creatinine, BUN, uric acid and protidogramma).
Before starting a dietary-behavioral therapy, patients underwent an assessment of energy expenditure and body composition.
After being subjected to these investigations, patients who followed a dietary-behavioral therapy for a period of about three months, with the formulation of a plan customized diet therapy.
E 'was used a low-calorie diet and normocomposta, consisting of 55% from carbohydrates, mostly low-glycemic index, 30% from fat and the remaining 15% protein, with the addition of at least 30 g / day of dietary fiber. The particular aspect was represented by the fact that in every meal of the day had to be present all the macronutrients simultaneously. Through a specific balance of macronutrients for each meal, be configured as a ratio of protein and carbohydrates around 0.75, obtained by combining 4 g carbohydrate 3 g each of protein, because it reaches a balance control hormone, both of the values \u200b\u200bof insulin and glucagon both in autocrine and paracrine hormones. Under this hormonal control of obesity through food would result in control of the speed of assimilation of protein and carbohydrates and in optimizing the use of lipids. According to the theoretical assumptions of this diet, the use of fat reserves would reduce the calories out.
behavior therapy combined with diet was intended to bring about a change of lifestyle in order to promote weight loss and above all keep it. The aim of the therapy was to reduce physical inactivity and ensure exercise of moderate intensity aerobic and at least twice a week. Finally
were distributed before the dietary treatment of the Stanford Sleepiness Scale questionnaires, with a re-evaluation at the end of therapy.



RESULTS Of the 16 selected patients 11 completed the study. The comparison between the medians of the variables for two of the group of patients who completed the protocol shows significant changes with regard to weight (p = 0.001), BMI (p = 0.001) and neck circumference (p = 0003) that are reduced.
E 'result also significantly reduced the score of the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (p = 0.003), the amount of fat mass (0036), the basal metabolic rate (p = 0.008) and basal metabolism in relation to lean body mass (P = 0.008).
There were no significant changes instead of the required amount of water and intracellular values \u200b\u200bof blood pressure and respiratory quotient.
E 'also found a significant association between the weight and circumference of the neck (0668, p = 0.025), between the weight and the score of the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (0841, p = 0.001) and between the basal metabolic rate and quantity fat mass (-0.69, p = 0.019).


DISCUSSION The results of our study, in agreement with previous work, confirming the importance of weight loss in the treatment of OSAS.
All patients, in fact, showed a significant association between body weight and circumference of the neck, particularly in patients who have lost much weight have played an important variation: the case 5 which had a weight loss of 22.4 kg is gone from a neck circumference of 50.6 cm to 46 cm, then a change of 4.6 cm, while the case 8, who lost only 2.6 kg showed a change in neck circumference of 0.3 cm. The variation of the circumference of the neck can be considered an important indicator of improvement, as evidenced by previous studies as a major factor in pathogenesis of sleep apnea is the deposition adipose tissue around the upper airway. This was also confirmed in our study, since the reduction of neck circumference was positively associated with the Stanford Sleepiness Scale score, an indicator of quality of life of the patient. The results of the questionnaire showed, in fact, the average reduction of 1 point after weight loss, particularly in combination with neck circumference.

Figure 7 - Multivariate linear regression (neck Δ / Δ SDS).


As regards the calorimetric data the results show a median reduction of basal metabolism of 400 calories after the dietary treatment, although the BIA has not revealed a significant change in lean body mass (Figure 8). This figure could be interpreted by some as simply a body's response to a low-calorie diet, it could support the hypothesis of Stenlof and associates, according to which patients with OSAS show a higher resting energy expenditure, which decreases with the improvement of the syndrome.






Figure 8 - Changes in weight (p = 0.001) and metabolism (p = 0.008) after dietary-behavioral therapy


The respiratory quotient instead showed no significant changes, remaining around a value 0.8 and not decreasing as might be expected to improve lipid oxidation.
In fact, this result could be altered by a false start value of QR due to the peculiarities of the syndrome of sleep apnea: in fact in the supine position, which is what the patient takes during calorimetry, you can have a collapse of the airways and then the occurrence of episodes of apnea and ipoapnee, resulting in hypoventilation. Since the QR is the ratio between carbon dioxide and oxygen, it is clear that the work by reducing hypoventilation in a fictitious way. It can therefore be assumed that any improvement of lipid oxidation, resulting in a reduction in QR, is covered by an improvement respiration, due to weight loss, which leads to an increase of QR and that the result of two effects is not precisely that of the variation of QR. In fact, if we evaluate the QR for each patient is noted that in 5 of 11 subjects there was even an increase, probably due to a prevalence of respiratory mechanism, while in 4 patients was reduced, as has prevailed 's effect of improving lipid metabolism and in two patients did not change Figure 9).

Figure 9 - Changes in QR in each patient.




CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of the selected sample and the short time of follow-up does not allow to draw conclusions Ultimately, however from this study revealed some interesting data.
First there was a significant association between weight and symptoms assessed with the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, especially in relation to the circumference of the neck, confirming the hypothesis that one of the main pathogenetic factors of sleep apnea in obese subjects is the deposition of tissue fat around the upper airway.
Also, although the basal metabolism of patients has decreased after the dietary treatment, the non-reduction of respiratory quotient has opened new questions about possible changes of lipid oxidation. The episodes of apnea and hypopnea during that patients exhibit indirect calorimetry, in fact, might affect the result and then give the initial values \u200b\u200bof QR lower than they were in reality. Calorimetry does not prove so effective in measuring changes in lipid metabolism in these patients, which would result in a reduction of QR, are still needed for this study to assess whether weight loss by reducing the number of apnea and nocturnal desaturation can then also help improve metabolism.

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by corriere.it

We post another proof of the benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Of course we can not consume the diet of our grandparents as many would like (the average energy expenditure has changed a lot since then). But surely Our model of this power must be preserved. This is a priority, a key issue for public health in our country.

Follow "really" the Mediterranean diet provides substantial protection against all-cause mortality and incidence of major chronic degenerative diseases such as heart and blood vessels, cancer, Parkinson's disease and to Alzheimer's disease. A repeat with scientific arguments even more solid than in the past is a meta-analysis, that a review of available data from previous studies conducted by specialists dellìUniversità diFirenze and the University Hospital Careggi, published in the prestigious British Journal Medcil.

STUDY - The research considered by researchers Tuscans 'isolated' eating habits and health status of more than 1.5 million people followed from 3 to 18 years. All the studies reviewed used a numerical score, called the score of adherence to calculate what was faithfully followed the Mediterranean diet. The analysis of these data showed that those who adhered strictly to a Mediterranean diet had significant improvement of health status with a 9% reduction of total mortality of 9% of mortality from cardiovascular causes, 13% of ' incidence of diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, and 6% cancer incidence or mortality.

CONSEQUENCES - The results of this study have important implications for public health, especially in reducing the risk of premature death in the general population. Also confirmed the recommendations of current guidelines of the major scientific societies that encourage a Mediterranean dietary profile for the prevention of major chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet includes a generous consumption of fruits, vegetables, complex carbohydrates, olive oil, fish, and less meat, sausages, cheese and dairy products.

BUT THE ITALIANS ARE NOT THE - But if on the one hand, the study from the University of Florence is good news, the other is "disappointing," given that in Italy the Mediterranean diet is not always followed. According to data provided by Coldiretti, in fact. has steadily decreased the consumption of products that ccostituiscono the foundation. In 2008, the fruit fell by 2.6 per cent, that of olive oil by 2.8, that of bread and the vegetables of 2.5 -0.8. Certainly some of the responsibility is sscrivere growth of prices for those kinds alimenmtari, but it is undeniable that the lifestyle and tastes of Italians are inexorably over the past decades 'occidentalizzat', moving increasingly toward a diet rich in meat and animal fats in general.

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Hormones in meat: review on a serious public health problem

Mauro Lombardo
www.maurolombardo.it


L 'excessive exposure to hormones has potential adverse consequences for human health, particularly with regard to changes involving the endocrine glands during puberty, the system immune to the effects of genotoxic and carcinogenic. Six growth hormones used in meat production (17-beta estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, zeranol and trenbolone acetate and melengesterolo) may, as appropriate, have deleterious effects on human health. In particular, the group most at risk is made by children and boys until puberty. The evidence is sufficient to prove it, even if they cover different levels and the available data do not permit a quantitative assessment of risks, which are no less real even if the use of small doses. In fact, none of these hormones can make a critical threshold. The 17-beta estradiol on the contrary has been identified as a complete carcinogen, and has the effect will be to initiate and promote the development of cancer (IARC, 1987).

The use of antibiotics and growth promoters in animal husbandry and disseminated in order to decrease fat storage and increase muscle mass.

The discovery of the risks related to the use of these substances has led the EU to adopt some guidelines to regulate in a uniform matter. Recently about the implementation of Directive in Italy EC 96/22 and 96/23 EC concerning the prohibition on the use of hormonal substances, thyrostatic and beta antagonists in animal production. In contrast to the U.S., Canada and certain other third countries, approved the hormones can be bought without prescriptions, and be used without the supervision of veterinarians.

A series of experimental data and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the toxicity of estrogen synthesis both in animals and humans. The diethylstilbestrol (DES), which is among the most widely used synthetic estrogen because of its low cost, if administered for long periods at low doses (0.1 to 2 ng / kg body weight) in experimental animals causes histological changes in liver, kidney, and sperm in the seminiferous tubules, causing serious disturbances of reproductive functions. The metabolites of estrogen also have the ability to damage DNA and cause mutations (Service, 1998). This property could be the start event for many human cancers, including tumors of the breast, uterus, ovaries, prostate and possibly the brain (Cavalieri et al., 1998). Excessive consumption of estrogen in humans results in a negative feedback effect of the hormones with arrest of spermatogenesis and azoospermia in males, interrupted ovarian cycle, block ovulation, menstrual irregularities and infertility in women (Perez-Comas, 1988). The administration of low doses of estradiol (4μg/giorno) for children weighing 30-40 kg causes an acceleration of more than 60% of bone growth compared to the physiological parameters and in both males and females, abnormal sexual development and puberty: Telarc, pubarca, ovarian stimulation syndrome, POS (Perez-Comaz, 1988; Fara etal. 1979; Pasquino et al).
In Italy the legislature prohibits absolutely the use of hormonal substances in animals for breeding purposes auxin. However, in the late 70's, have been repeatedly observed by pediatricians children presenting with symptoms characteristic of the subjects accidentally exposed to estrogenic substances. Because these observations have sometimes taken an epidemic, the suspicion arose that the cause was the ingestion of these events in a more or less continuous meat, especially beef, containing estrogen. Given that the veal is very popular in the first year of life, feeding the baby, as baby food, the presence of estrogenic substances in food meat, especially beef, and the consequent possibility of ingestion of reiterative these substances from the beginning of the developmental age have raised a very sensitive issue. In 1978, the National Institute of Health (ISS) conducted a detailed study on the effects of pharmaco-toxicology of sex hormones like auxin illegally used in animal husbandry and the possible risk of the exposed population. Of the 82 samples came all'lSS by the year 1980, well 78 were found positive for the presence of substances with estrogenic activity, as determined qualitatively DES. The amount found was substantial (30 to 150 pg per kg homogenate) and corresponded to the dose potentially carcinogenic to the rat. This could explain the finding of such large quantities only by assuming that the product homogenized muscle were present in those parts of the animal that had been site of DES. It is well known that the synthetic estrogen, once injected into the calf, is not entirely absorbed into the bloodstream, but at least 10-20% (about 10-30mg of DES) may remain for many months in the tissue within the injection.
However, further study is needed to quantify the level of antibiotics and growth promoters in meat consumed in our tables and more quantitative risk assessments relating intake of these substances.

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Omega-3: new evidence

Several studies show evidence increasingly 'convincing on the role of omega-3, not only to protect against cardiovascular disease, but also a kind of "farmaconutrizione" per il cervello. Ne riporto di seguito uno molto interessante che potete trovare integralmente qui .

"Food is like a pharmaceutical compound that affects the brain," said Fernando Gómez-Pinilla, a UCLA professor of neurosurgery and physiological science who has spent years studying the effects of food, exercise and sleep on the brain. "Diet, exercise and sleep have the potential to alter our brain health and mental function. This raises the exciting possibility that changes in diet are a viable strategy for enhancing cognitive abilities, protecting the brain from damage and counteracting the effects of aging."

Gómez-Pinilla analyzed more than 160 studies about food's affect on the brain; the results of his analysis appear in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

Omega-3 fatty acids -- found in salmon, walnuts and kiwi fruit -- provide many benefits, including improving learning and memory and helping to fight against such mental disorders as depression and mood disorders, schizophrenia, and dementia, said Gómez-Pinilla, a member of UCLA's Brain Research Institute and Brain Injury Research Center.

Synapses in the brain connect neurons and provide critical functions; much learning and memory occurs at the synapses, Gómez-Pinilla said.

"Omega-3 fatty acids support synaptic plasticity and seem to positively affect the expression of several molecules related to learning and memory that are found on synapses," Gómez-Pinilla said. "Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for normal brain function.

"Dietary deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids in humans has been associated with increased risk of several mental disorders, including attention-deficit disorder, dyslexia, dementia, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia," he said. "A deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids in rodents results in impaired learning and memory."

Children who had increased amounts of omega-3 fatty acids performed better in school, in reading and in spelling and had fewer behavioral problems, he said.

Preliminary results from a study in England show that school performance improved among a group of students receiving omega-3 fatty acids. In an Australian study, 396 children between the ages 6 and 12 who were given a drink with omega-3 fatty acids and other nutrients (iron, zinc, folic acid and vitamins A, B6, B12 and C) showed higher scores on tests measuring verbal intelligence and learning and memory after six months and one year than a control group of students who did not receive the nutritional drink. This study was also conducted with 394 children in Indonesia. The results showed higher test scores for boys and girls in Australia, but only for girls in Indonesia.

Getting omega-3 fatty acids from food rather than from capsule supplements can be more beneficial, providing additional nutrients, Gómez-Pinilla said.

Scientists are learning which omega-3 fatty acids seem to be especially important. One is docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, which is abundant in salmon. DHA, which reduces oxidative stress and enhances synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, is the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in cell membranes in the brain.

"The brain and the body are deficient in the machinery to make DHA; it has to come through our diet," said Gómez-Pinilla, who was born and raised in salmon-rich Chile and eats salmon three times a week, along with a balanced diet. "Omega-3 fatty acids are essential."

A healthy diet and exercise can also reduce the effect of brain injury and lead to a better recovery, he said.

Recent research also supports the hypothesis that health can be passed down through generations, and a number of innovative studies point to the possibility that the effects of diet on mental health can be transmitted across generations, Gómez-Pinilla said.

A long-term study that included more than 100 years of birth, death, health and genealogical records for 300 Swedish families in an isolated village showed that an individual's risk for diabetes and early death increased if his or her paternal grandparents grew up in times of food abundance rather than food shortage.

"Evidence indicates that what you eat can affect your grandchildren's brain molecules and synapses," Gómez-Pinilla said. "We are trying to find the molecular basis to explain this."

Controlled meal-skipping or intermittent caloric restriction might provide health benefits, he said.

Excess calories can reduce the flexibility of synapses and increase the vulnerability of cells to damage by causing the formation of free radicals. Moderate caloric restriction could protect the brain by reducing oxidative damage to cellular proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, Gómez-Pinilla said.

The brain is highly susceptible to oxidative damage. Blueberries have been shown to have a strong antioxidant capacity, he noted.

In contrast to the healthy effects of diets that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, diets high in trans fats and saturated fats adversely affect cognition, studies indicate.

Junk food and fast food negatively affect the brain's synapses, said Gómez-Pinilla, who eats fast food less often since conducting this research. Brain synapses and several molecules related to learning and memory are adversely affected by unhealthy diets, he said.

Emerging research indicates that the effects of diet on the brain, combined with the effects of exercise and a good night's sleep, can strengthen synapses and provide other cognitive benefits, he added.

In Okinawa, an island in Japan where people frequently eat fish and exercise, the lifespan is one of the world's longest, and the population has a very low rate of mental disorders, Gómez-Pinilla noted.

Folic acid is found in various foods, including spinach, orange juice and yeast. Adequate levels of folic acid are essential for brain function, and folate deficiency can lead to neurological disorders such as depression and cognitive impairment. Folate supplementation, either by itself or in conjunction with other B vitamins, has been shown to be effective in preventing cognitive decline and dementia during aging and enhancing the effects of antidepressants. The results of a recent randomized clinical trial indicate that a three-year folic acid supplementation can help reduce the age-related decline in cognitive function.

In patients with major depression and schizophrenia, levels of a signaling molecule known as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, are reduced. Antidepressants elevate BDNF levels, and most treatments for depression and schizophrenia stimulate BDNF. Here, too, omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial, as is the curry spice curcumin, which has been shown to reduce memory deficits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and brain trauma. BDNF is most abundant in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus -- brain areas associated with cognitive and metabolic regulation.

The high consumption of curcumin in India may contribute to the low prevalence of Alzheimer's disease on the subcontinent.

In humans, a mutation in a BDNF receptor has been linked to obesity and impairments in learning and memory.

"BDNF is reduced in the hippocampus, in various cortical areas and in the serum of patients with schizophrenia," Gómez-Pinilla said. "BDNF levels are reduced in the plasma of patients with major depression."

Smaller food portions with the appropriate nutrients seem to be beneficial for the brain's molecules, such as BDNF, he said.

Gómez-Pinilla showed in 1995 that exercise can have an effect on the brain by elevating levels of BDNF.

He noted that while some people have extremely good genes, most of us are not so lucky and need a balanced diet, regular exercise and a good night's sleep.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

---

Journal reference :

1. Gómez-Pinilla et al. Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 2008, 9 (7): 568 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2421

1. 
   

Geovison 8.3 Letöltés

Obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

by http://www.nutritionupdates. Org


Study 1: Obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

--------------------------- ------------------------------ --- ---
A new analysis from the Nurses Health Study examines the relationship between body weight and GERD.

Subjects and methods: 10,545 nurses completed a questionnaire on symptoms of GERD. The data was compared with their body mass index (BMI) measured two years earlier.

Results: E 'was shown a sharp increase in the possibility of having symptoms of GERD in the entire spectrum of body weights, BMI from 22 to less obesity. This report has also occurred in relation to the severity of the symptoms of GERD - see chart.

Bibliography: N Engl J Med 2006 Jun 1; 354 \u200b\u200b(22) :2340-8.


Study 2: a meta-analysis confirms the relationship
------------------------------ - ---------------------------- ------
E 'was recently published a meta-analysis on the association between BMI and GERD, esophagitis, and other related gastrointestinal diseases.

Subjects and methods: A total of 9 observational studies (involving about 63,000 individuals, including 7372 cases), six studies have found an association between BMI and symptoms of GERD. The combined odds ratio in 8 studies was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.16-1.77) for overweight (BMI = 25-30) and 1.94 (1:47 to 2:57) for obesity (BMI> 30), overweight and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of esophageal cancer (OR = 1.52 and 2.78, respectively).

Bibliography: Ann Intern Med 2005 Aug 2; 143 (3) :199-211.


Study 3: The schedule of meals is important
------------------------------ ------------- ----------------- -
Japanese researchers have examined whether the timing of meals might affect the risk of having symptoms of GERD.

Subjects and methods: case-control study on 147 patients with GERD and 294 controls without GERD.

Results: The interval between dinner and sleep was strongly associated with the possibility of having GERD. With a range <3 size="2"> Bibliography: Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec; 100 (12) :2633-6

COMMENT
Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), such as heartburn and indigestion, are quite common and not just in Western countries (ref. 1, 2). A recent Swedish study reported a prevalence of GERD symptoms by 40% of a large adult population in 15% there was evidence of reflux, gastroscopy (ref. 1). Apart from the effect on quality of life (ref. 3), GERD may cause esophagitis and esophageal cancer to develop (ref. 4).

The possible causes of GERD are numerous, and some fall between these nutritional factors. Excess weight is always mentioned in the popular press (eg, ref. 5), but less frequently in medical texts (eg, ref. 6). As the new studies 1 and 2 show, should be mentioned more often. In fact, one study showed an increased risk of GERD by the weight of the lower limits under the severe obesity.

An interesting explanation for this association is reported in a new English study shows that a recent weight gain (> 5 kg over the previous 12 months) is associated with an increase of 50% of the risk of GERD symptoms compared to that period (ref. 7). While we can not overcome the lack of an RCT, these observations suggest a cause-effect relationship in the overweight-GERD.

The mechanisms responsible for such an association are not hard to imagine. Obesity increases the intra-abdominal pressure and obese patients can have gastro-intestinal motility disorders (ref. 8, 9). However, it is possible say that overweight is associated with all aspects and types of GERD. For example, one study showed that obesity was not associated with laryngeal reflux events (ref. 10).

On the other hand, some studies have shown that overweight patients with GERD have a higher risk than non-overweight to be hospitalized for complications of GERD and esophagitis present and / or Barrett's esophagus (ref. 11, 12) . It would be great news to find that weight loss may not only reduce the symptoms of GERD, like heartburn, but also reduce the risk of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract that are usually associated with this condition.

However this is only speculation. The fact is that, for the moment, the advice often given to patients with GERD to lose weight (if overweight) is not supported by evidence from RCTs (ref. 13).

Other dietary approaches, commonly recommended to patients with GERD include the avoidance of foods that can aggravate the symptoms: fatty foods, chocolate, spices, mint, coffee, alcohol and 'fatty foods' (ref. 13). The patients themselves seem to believe that these foods are associated with the onset of symptoms, and can also report food allergies (ref. 14).

Avoid fatty foods have a rational, because the fats slow gastric emptying and increase lower esophageal sphincter pressure (ref. 13). This can also be a confounder in the association, described by observational studies, between obesity and GERD.

However, some epidemiological data suggest that obesity is a risk factor for GERD, with or without fat (ref. 11). Some studies have shown that fat can increase the reflux, but an equally large number have refuted this association (ref. 15-17). In particular, in one study, the number of total calories consumed seems to be a more important factor in determining the GERD than total fat intake (ref. 18).

There is also evidence that chocolate reduces esophageal sphincter pressure and increases reflux (ref. 19-21). However, there are no RCTs showing that avoiding chocolate reduces the symptoms of GERD (ref. 21). Similar goes for alcohol (ref. 21-23).

The evidence suggests that coffee represents a risk factor for GERD is difficult to interpret with certainty. While some studies suggest that coffee represents a risk factor (ref. 24), unlike others support the idea that it represents a protective factor (ref. 25). Curiously these studies also show that regular use of salt increases the risk. The data on the impact of coffee intake on esophageal sphincter pressure have proved inconsistent (ref. 26). Have been published RCT showing that coffee increases the reflux, while others have not demonstrated this association. The coffee does not reduce the gastric pH (ref. 29) and also the effects of decaffeinated coffee on reflux are not clear (ref. 22, 27, 30).

Limited clinical evidence is available on the effect of spicy foods, in addition to demonstrating that the chili is that capsaicin (a substance found in chili) can influence the onset of heartburn (ref. 31, 32). In a study of Egyptian fiber intake has proven protective against GERD (ref. 33), but the addition of fibers improves reflux in patients fed by enteral (ref. 34). In a trial, the increase in fermentation in the colon through the intake of indigestible carbohydrates was shown to aggravate reflux (ref. 35). Intolerance to protein may have a material effect on reflux in children (ref. 36), but studies in adults showing a significant role of food intolerance on reflux are lacking, as there is no data on the assumption that changes in the flora bowel may be involved in GERD and that therefore the use of probiotics can be helpful (ref. 37).

Despite this lack of convincing evidence from clinical studies, experience teaches us not to ignore comments from patients about the factors that influence the symptoms. Therefore, together with regular drug therapy, an attempt to avoid certain foods may be especially appropriate when the patient notes that these can influence the symptoms. If overweight, lose weight may be worth. And finally, new observational data of study 3 suggest that increasing the interval between dinner and sleep may also represent a successful attempt to reduce the symptoms of GERD.


Bibliography 1. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar; 40 (3) :275-85.
2. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Apr; 4 (4) :398-407.
3. Z Gastroenterol. 2003 Dec; 41 (12) :1137-43.
4. J Nutr. November 2002, 132 (11 Suppl): 3467S-3470S.
5. http://www.aboutgerd.org/ treatment.html
6. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Chapter 20. http://www.merck.com/ mrkshared/mmanual/section3/ chapter20/20g.jsp
7. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb;101(2):229-33.
8. Obes Surg. 2005 Oct;15(9):1225-32.
9. Obes Res. 2004 Nov;12(11):1723-32.
10. Laryngoscope. 2005 Jun;115(6):1042-5.
11. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Nov;14(11 Pt 1):2481-6.
12. Ann Epidemiol. 1999 Oct;9(7):424-35.
13. The John Hopkins Medical Institutions. Gastroenterology and Hepatology Resource Center. http://hopkinsgi.nts.jhu.edu/ pages/latin/templates/index. cfm?pg=disease4&amp;organ=1&amp; disease = 26 = 1 & lang_id
14th J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000 Jan; 15 (1) :35-9.
15th Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Jul; 84 (7) :782-6.
16th Good. 1998 Mar; 42 (3) :330-3.
17th Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 May; 94 (5) :1192-6.
18th Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002 Jan; 37 (1) :3-5.
19th Am J Dig Dis. 1975 Aug; 20 (8) :703-7.
20th Am J Gastroenterol. 1988 Jun; 83 (6) :633-6.
21st Arch Intern Med 2006 May 8; 166 (9) :965-71.
22nd Good. 1978 Apr; 19 (4) :336-8.
23rd Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003 Aug, 38 (8) :807-11.
24th World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jun 1; 10 (11) :1647-51.
26th Good. 2004 Dec; 53 (12) :1730-5.
26th Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1999; 230:35-9.
27. Aliment Pharmacol There. 1994 Jun; 8 (3) :283-7.
28. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Nov; 11 (11) :1271-6.
29. Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Apr; 43 (4) :834-9.
30. Aliment Pharmacol There. 1997 Jun; 11 (3) :483-6.
31. Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Mar; 43 (3) :485-90.
32. Aliment Pharmacol There. 2000 Jan; 14 (1) :129-34.
33. Gut. 2005 Jan; 54 (1) :11-7.
34. Clin Nutr. 2001 Aug; 20 (4) :307-12.
35. Gastroenterology. 2003 Apr; 124 (4) :894-902.
36. J Pediatr. 2000 May; 136 (5) :641-7.
37. http://www.healingdaily.com/ conditions / acid-reflux.htm

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NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS OF CELIAC DISEASE

Celiac disease is NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
Mauro Lombardo
www.maurolombardo.it

Celiac disease, also known as celiac disease or gluten enteropathy, is a condition characterized by permanent intolerance to gluten, a protein complex content in wheat , barley and rye. Among the cereals "toxic" for celiac disease was also included oats, which, according to the latest data, it would not seem really detrimental if introduced "pure", that is not contaminated with gluten in the process.

Gluten consists of four main protein components, the gliadins, glutenins, albumins and globulins, these gliadin and glutenin comprise the majority of wheat proteins. The alcohol-soluble gliadin fraction of gluten, when ingested by a susceptible host, is responsible for the onset of intestinal damage.

Based on gel electrophoresis, the gliadins can be separated into four main fractions: gliadins alpha, beta, gamma and omega.

Studies show that all major subgroups gliadin can produce characteristic lesions of the intestinal mucosa of celiac disease. Similar alcohol soluble proteins called prolamins, such as Segalin in rye, hordein in barley el'aveina oats can also trigger the disease, unlike the rice flour or corn produces neither clinical nor histologic changes, on the other hand are far from the wheat grass or rye in the botanical classification.

In genetically predisposed individuals, the introduction of foods containing gluten, such as bread, pasta and biscuits, it leads to abnormal immune response in the small intestine, which results in chronic inflammation and the progressive disappearance of intestinal villi

The typical celiac lesion is often defined by the pathologist who analyzes the biopsy villous atrophy Subtotal with hypertrophic crypts and increased infiltration of the lamina propria lifoplasmacellulare "terminology indicates that the finding of a flat intestinal mucosa and" desert ", where, in normal conditions, there are the" mountains "of villi, structures that play a primary role in the absorption of nutrients in the diet.

The elimination of foods containing gluten leads to the complete normalization of the intestinal biopsy (with regrowth of villi of normal height) and the disappearance of symptoms may be present.

Gliadins consist of single chains polypeptide of molecular weight between 30,0000 and 75,000 daltons and are characterized by a high content of glutamine and proline (32-56 glutamine and proline per 100 amino acid residues 15-30).

E 'known that celiac disease is triggered by two sets 57-68 and 62-75 of the 266 amino acids of alpha and especially in the deamination of glutamine residue 65 glutamic acid. In patients with DQ2 (DQA1501, DQB1201) and DQ8 (DQA1301, DQB302) would lead to a correct relationship with the antigen and presentation of this condition a "anomaly" of gliadin peptides to TCR Lymphocytes triggering an abnormal immune response against . It would also seem that the transglutaminase (TG) has a role in the deamination of gliadin and therefore can play an important role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. The link between TG and gliadin form of neopitopi capable of triggering the immune response underlying celiac disease. This could also justify why-transglutaminase antibodies are formed only when the patient ingests gluten! Another data imported can be seen from a study that shows a reduction in the expression of celiac patients zonulin, a protein that modulates intestinal permeability by the assembly of tight junctions. This could lead to increased permeability and thus an important factor in triggering species of different sequences for the presentation of gliadin, which could also occur in an environment of what is bacterial overgrowth in the case of patients with Crohn's disease.

Very recently an interesting study shows that first described the classic immunologic event may be an additional mechanism that is more rapid in the early hours of exposure to gluten and that is not subject to the processing of gluten by the transglutaminase.

This process triggered by IL-15 seems a polypeptide of molecular weight of 15KD. From the structural point of view IL-15 is homologous to IL-2 and translates the signal through the low affinity receptor complex in fact used by IL-2. The binding of IL-15 in this low-affinity IL-2R is greatly enhanced by interaction with a polypeptide does not signal that binds IL-15 chain called IL-15 R-alpha. THE 15R chain is structurally homologous to IL-2R alpha chain, but is unable to bind IL-2, however, the primary function of IL-15 seems to be to encourage the proliferation of NK cells and to decrease ' apoptosis of T cells The IL-15 is, in fact, synthesized early in response to LPS or virus and can mediate the expansion of NK cells during the first 24-72 hours after infection. IL-15 can also act as a growth factor for T lymphocytes in that it binds and transduces the signal through this low-affinity IL 2R on resting T cells. It is still unclear whether in the course of infection has produced enough IL-15 to translate a signal through the receptor for IL-2 with low affinity, it is unclear if the T cells can express IL-15 R alpha chain.

DIET AGLUTINATA

gluten-free diet is the single, unique, real treatment of celiac disease and must be continued throughout life. If a person does not take gluten can have no manifestation of celiac disease.

Gluten is contained in some cereals, including wheat, barley, rye, barley, kamut, millet, triticale and spelled. Oats is no longer considered to be toxic, but being present in products containing gluten is not recommended for use.

	wheat flour, starch, semolina, corn flakes, barley, rye, oats
	Orzo Pasta of all kinds, stuffed pasta (eg ravioli, tortellini, gnocchi made with wheat flour, etc. ....) Special and ordinary bread, bread crumbs
Rye	Breadsticks, crackers, biscuits, sliced \u200b\u200bbread, focaccia, pizza
Farro	bran, malt (barley is) , mixtures of cereals
Kamut, Spelt Triticale	containing flour cakes, biscuits

Gluten is not found in the following cereal crops: rice, soy, tapioca, corn, potato, millet and pulses.

Rice		Rice flour, cream and rice starch
Mile		millet flour
Mais		corn flour, polenta, corn flour (corn), popcorn
Buckwheat	and then	Potato starch
Sesame		pure soy flour and tapioca flour
Legumes		flaked rice, corn, soy, tapioca, without addition of malt

Gluten is hidden in many foods so it is essential to have a handbook and seek food. For example, "Handbook of the gluten-free products", published by the Association Italian Celiac disease that is continuously revised with the introduction or exclusion of products.

A gluten-free diet does not involve nutritional problems as it can be equally varied. The variety of foods allowed, next to the specific products that industry provides, it allows to formulate a balanced diet for all ages, varied and tasty, adapted to different nutritional needs for a growing child, for a adult.

You can easily do a balanced diet with natural products such as gluten-free rice or corn polenta instead of pasta. In trade there are a number specific products without gluten (bread, pasta, pizza, cookies, etc.)..

The ASL membership entitles individuals with celiac disease, confirmed by intestinal biopsy, a portion of food per month, which, according to the latest regulations published in the Official Gazette of 25.07.2001, corresponding to 35% of caloric intake.

foods are allowed

vinegar

Soft drinks (no beer)

Butter (excluding light)

olive oil, peanut, sunflower, corn (except the wheat germ or seed number)

Coffee (excluding soluble or derived from barley or malt)

Meat, Poultry, Prosciutto (except the other sausages, sauce and meat trade breaded or floured)

fresh and aged Italian cheeses (except those rendered in slices, spreads, foreign or blue as the gorgonzola)

Fresh fruit, syrup or oil (other than flour as figs dried), fruit juices and nectars

teas in bags or filter

milk (the milk does not contain gluten, and as such can be taken from the celiac patient, however, as soon as possible after diagnosis, can be excluded or recommend a lactose-free milk, for the alteration of the intestinal mucosa caused by the diet with gluten), Fresh cream, natural yoghurt, low-fat or whole (except the malt, grain, and attention to the fruit)

Legumes

Honey, Sugar

Mile

Royal jelly

fish fresh or frozen (except frozen pre-baked or breaded)

Rice

Syrups

Vegetables, fresh, preserved or frozen raw or cooked, chopped and pureed tomatoes (except soups or stews with pearl barley or barley, vegetables, fried, breaded or batter), potatoes (except frozen chips and instant mashed potatoes).

The celiac patient must, however, pay attention to labels. The presence of generic terms such as starch, vegetable protein, maltodextrin, malt, cereal flour, unspecified, coffee extract, cocoa mass, as well as other compounds specifically corn, wheat or barley have to suspect the presence of gluten

Specifically of childhood is essential that the family accept the problem calmly and take measures and precautions at home (eg, customized kitchen cupboard in places where there are only gluten-free products, invitations to friends with proposals for gluten-free foods for all etc.) should also notify the teachers on the issue, so as to make the child feel normal while dieting. is very important at this age to refer to a specialized center that periodically checks the child and by specialized staff (dietician or nutritionist and possibly psychologist) to know all the particulars of the case.

A critical time is the age in which the teenage boy in search of an identity tends to dispute the claims of the family (gluten-free diet) and, not wanting to tell the group we belong to the state of the celiac , tends to break easily.

In this age is still more important than participation in group meetings (such as those proposed by the Association celiac) or the guidance of experienced personnel in the field and experience in the pediatric-adolescent.

MALNUTRITION IN CELIAC

In celiac disease the prevalence of malnutrition is below what is considered but is variable

• depending on the degree of mucosal damage (severe form, as "mild "Latent and potential celiac disease, individuals sensitive to gluten)
• depending on the intestinal surface involved

When is concerned a significant part of the small intestine are usually accompanied by diarrhea and malabsorption, weight loss. When one is interested in the cranial part of the small intestine may be the only symptom of iron deficiency. When this deficiency is not corrected by iron therapy permanently is very likely that there is an underlying celiac disease. When a large portion of the small intestine is affected, the result can be generalized malabsorption syndrome with deficiency of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Patients with total villous atrophy at diagnosis had the lowest values \u200b\u200bof folate and ferritin levels. Even trace minerals often suffer from malabsorption, in particular magnesium and calcium, because they are the ones that are tied more to fat malabsorption, as well as zinc. The latter mineral supplementation prevents rash and taste disturbances. The gluten-free diet (gluten free diet, GFD) worsens the diet of adolescents that is often already unbalanced, for an increase in protein and lipid (Mariani, 1998). Aglutinata diet must be followed forever. Supporting a gluten-free diet 100% and 100% of remaining life can be very problematic. In fact, wheat flour, wheat starch or containing trace amounts of gluten are found in many foods such as processing aids for their stabilizing properties and the ability to hold water. Help can come from a more correct mode of food labeling food and education.
The Codex Alimentarius FAO has set the standard for gluten-free products that the total nitrogen content shall not exceed 0.05 g/100 g. of dry product. This value goes beyond the need for the celiac take totally gluten-free foods.

The diet therapy and gluten substitutes

There are few diseases as well as celiac disease in which diet and nutritional problems are more important. The diet therapy of celiac disease is primarily a treatment for exclusion. Will be eliminated all products containing gluten: wheat, barley, rye and commercial products derived from these. This type of diet does not cause nutritional imbalances as cereals to exclude content items are not essential for the survival of the patient. It 's very important that the diet should be followed closely and in full to avoid the known complications of celiac disease including cancer el'osteopenia. It 'important to emphasize that the gluten can be used as a thickener in the food industry, so in an unconscious patient ingests small amounts of the protein with the product. In some subjects with a low tolerance threshold also gluten, used as a thickener and appropriately marked on the label, because the 'atrophy of intestinal villi and events related to it. To properly address this situation it is important information on the composition of food products on the market. Awareness of the patient goes through nutrition education provided to the dietitian or doctor.
The Italian Association for Celiac Disease (AIC) just for this purpose periodically publishes a newsletter containing the list of commercial products that contain gluten. Gluten substitutes are used in the formulation of the dough to give the product the same nutritional and organoleptic characteristics

BEVERAGES

IS NO
tea, decaffeinated tea, chamomile tea, coffee, decaffeinated coffee, herbal teas	instant coffee or coffee substitutes contain barley or malt
Soft drinks	Beer
red and white wine, champagne, soft drinks, alcoholic drinks in general (with the exceptions prohibited)	whiskey, vodka, gin, cocktails made with these Drink
Juices	Milkshake (ready mixed)

SWEETS

	IS NO
cakes, biscuits, cakes with rice flour or corn, tapioca flour or soy, potato starch	Chocolate and cocoa paste with starch or flour
Gelati and sorbets: Refer to the "Handbook" AIC	cookie with ice cream, waffle, sponge cake
honey, sugar, jam, cocoa pure	creams and puddings containing flour and malt
Rice pudding or tapioca	Marzipan
	sweets, candies and jellies trade with malt, candy with flour

FATS - CONDIMENTS - MISCELLANEOUS

IS NO
butter, lard, corn oil, sunflower, olive, peanut and soybean	Sauces, dressings and mayonnaise, mustard commercially prepared with flour or starch
Mayonnaise, sauces homemade	seasonings composition undefined
Fresh cream and mascarpone	Yeast
pepper, saffron and aromatic spices in oil	Products with mixed seed oil
baking powder
vinegar and oil products

CONTAMINATION:

gluten contamination can be avoided if you follow some basic rules like: no foods with flour flour banned, do not add flour prohibited in sauces and cooking sauces, do not use the cooking water already used for communal meals, avoid contaminating the food with hands flour or flour with dirty utensils, do not place food directly on contaminated surfaces, do not use parchment paper or aluminum foil on counter tops, floured pans, grills where you toast the bread cutting board or municipality, or plates where you bake ovens pizza or baked goods made with plain flour.

Besides giving all information relating to food, there are other rules to follow including:

1. Use caution on the home of culinary techniques (pans, utensils separate for the various firings)
2. Involve the whole family to be used for all components of flour and gluten free bread crumbs
3. make more practical and easier to daily spend at supermarkets making a fair use of the AIC (ie highlight more frequent food consumption).
4. frequently without "fear" of eating places where you can have all the safeguards which the celiac dietary needs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tursi A Brandimarte G Giorgetti G. Non-invasive diagnosis of celiac disease in clinical practice Recent Prog Med 2001 November; 92:696-701

Barton SH Kelly DG Murray JA, Nutritional deficiencies in celiac disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007 Mar; 36:93-108, vi

Schuppan D Dennis MD Kelly CP. Celiac disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and nutritional management. Nutr Clin Care 2005 Apr-Jun; 8:54-69

L. Catassi, I.M. Ratsh, M. Fabiani et al. Celiac disease in the year 2000: exploring the iceberg. Lancet 1994;343:200-3

Tursi A Brandimarte G Giorgetti GM. Prevalence of antitissue transglutaminase antibodies in different degrees of intestinal damage in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003 Mar; 36:219-21

Are Formula Fed Babies More Constipated

Dairy products, calcium and colon cancer

Latticini, calcio e cancro del colon
Un nuovo Swedish study looked for a correlation between colon cancer and intake of calcium and dairy products.

Method: prospective observational study of 45,306 men (age 45-79 years) healthy subjects, followed for 7 years after detection of eating habits.

Results: During 7 years, the risk of being one of the 449 cases who developed colon cancer was lower for those taking higher amounts of both calcium and dairy-see chart-was not found a clear link with no particular site of the colon and rectum, and the association was significant only for milk.

Bibliography: Larsson SC. et al. Calcium and dairy food intakes are inversely Associated with colorectal cancer risk in the Cohort of Swedish Men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar; 83 (3) :667-73.

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review on the anti-obesity drugs ....

A systematic review of 30 RCTs assessed efficacy and long-term side effects of medications used in the treatment of obesity. It is a systematic review of 30 RCTs with a total of over 16,000 patients. To be included in the review trials had to have tested an anti-obesity drug versus placebo for one year. In particular: 16 studies in which it was tested orlistat, which has been used 10 in the sibutramine and 4 with rimonabant. The follow-up study ranged from a minimum of one year to a maximum of four. The
pharmacies, compared with placebo, lead to a reduction in body weight that is quantifiable, on average, 2.9 kg for orlistat, 4.2 kg in sibutramine and rimonabant by 4.7 kg. Additionally, both rimonabant
that orlistat reduced the risk of developing diabetes, improved blood glucose and glycohemoglobin in patients already diabetic, reduced the total cholesterol and blood pressure.
Among the side effects reported by the review stand for those of gastrointestinal orlistat, those psychiatric (depression) for rimonabant or cardiovascular (increased blood pressure and heart rate) for sibutramine.
The authors conclude that orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant modestly reduce weight but have different effects on cardiovascular risk and specific side effects.


Source:

Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK et al. Long-term Pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight metanalysis updated. BMJ 2007 Dec 8; 335:1194-1199.

What Can I Get For Selling My Sovereigns

provincial council election results for the Coordinator of the Citizen PD

Sunday, November 16 elections were held for the selection of Citizen Coordinator of the Democratic Party candidates were Stefano Draghi and David Runner.

E 'was elected to serve Stefano Draghi
with 286 votes to David Runner who scored 283 votes.

the same occasion they also held elections for Area Coordinators and members of the area in the Provincial Coordination.

For the post of Coordinator of Zone 4 was elected
Sergio Poggio with 35 votes to Joseph Jannuzzi who scored 30 votes.

local elected representatives to the Provincial Directorate were:

Giulia Fiorese with 32 votes and
Francesco Mapelli

by 38 votes to elect all the best wishes.

Blood Debt Tanya Huff Read Online

necessary but painful

In today's world news and commentary circulating rapidly and uncontrollably.
Surely this makes it possible to maintain free and independent information in parallel with news and comments "official" and "coded".
If this is surely good for the circulation of ideas in science has witnessed the spread of an underground world of pseudo-culture fodder for an increasingly popular marketing, which has puzzled the people.
This paradox sees its greatest representation in the world of nutrition as we witness the spread of a vast network of misinformation and propaganda which has nothing to do with scientific culture that, despite all the difficulties of the case, it must always remain our guidewire.